Instruments For Assessment Of Excessive Daytime Sleepiness In Brazilian Children And Adolescents: Systematic Review.

OBJECTIVE: To systematically review the literature on the instruments used to assess excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) in Brazilian children and adolescents. DATA SOURCE: A systematic review of the literature was performed in the databases MEDLINE PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, LILACS, Scielo and SPORTDiscus, with no time limit for searches. The eligibility criteria were studies published in English and Portuguese, original articles that used questionnaires to assess EDS and whose sample consisted of Brazilian children and/or adolescents. As search strategy, the following terms were combined with Boolean operators "OR" and/or "AND": drowsiness, disorders of excessive somnolence, excessive daytime sleepiness, day sleepiness, midday sleepiness, daytime sleepiness, adolescents, Brazil, Brazilian adolescents, and children. DATA SYNTHESIS: Sixteen articles were selected, in which nine different instruments were applied to 8.240 children and adolescents from the South, Southeast, Midwest and Northeast regions of Brazil. The mean of methodological quality of studies was 16.1±1.9 points. The instruments most frequently used were the Pediatric Daytime Sleepiness Scale (PDSS) and Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS), but only PDSS was shown reliable to assess EDS in Brazilian children and adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: The PDSS was the only instrument considered reliable to assess EDS in Brazilian children and adolescents. Further research on EDS in children and adolescents are suggested to perform the validation of other instruments for Brazil and present internal consistency values.

Validation of equations to estimate the peak oxygen uptake in adolescents from 20 metres shuttle run test.

This study aimed to develop new prediction models from directly determined peak of oxygen uptake (VO2peak) in adolescents using 20-metre shuttle run test (20 m-SR) and to compare the new models with previously published equations. This study included 148 adolescents (43% girls), aged 13.37 ± 1.84 years old. Adolescents were randomly assigned to validation (n = 91) and cross-validation (n = 57) groups. VO2peak was measured using a gas analyser in both maximal exercise tests in the laboratory as well as by 20 m-SR. The multiple linear regression method was applied to develop the models using BMI, BMI-z score and body fat percentage (%FM). The proposed models presented better predictive performance (R2 = 75.6% to 78.9%) and a lower absolute percentage error (%error = 10.51 to 11.78%) than the previously published equations (R2 = 38.8% to 69.1%; %error = 13.13% to 21.54%). The Model with BMI-z was the best fit equation in girls, and the model with BMI-z and %FM in boys. Therefore, it is recommended that the equations developed in the present study be used in future research and projects in the school environment to estimate VO2peak in adolescents by the 20 m-SR test.

Effect of combined interval training on the cardiorespiratory fitness in heart failure patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The combination of interval training and resistance training has showed interesting results in chronic heart failure patients, corroborating the benefits of physiological adaptations of both protocols. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of the combination of interval training and resistance training program when compared to interval training alone and/or without intervention group on cardiorespiratory fitness in patients with chronic heart failure. METHODS: We search MEDLINE via PubMed, ScienceDirect, Sportdiscus, BIREME and Scielo, from their inception to December 2018. Were included both randomized and non-randomized controlled trials comparing the effect of combined training, interval training alone and/or WI group on VO2peak (expressed in ml/kg/min), in people with chronic heart failure patients. The meta-analysis was conducted via Review Manager v 5.3 software, using random effect model. RESULTS: Ten articles were selected (nine randomized controlled trial), involving 401 participants. Six studies compared combined training with interval training and six studies compared combined training with the without intervention group. Eighty percent of the trials presented moderate risk of bias and twenty percent low risk of bias. Data showed significant difference and major increase in VO2peak in favor to combined training group compared to interval training group (SMD=0.25; CI=0.04-0.46) and without intervention group (SMD=0.46; CI=0.29-0.64), respectively. CONCLUSION: The combination of interval training and resistance training showed more effective in increasing cardiorespiratory fitness in patients with heart failure than interval training alone and non-exercise therapy. However, further studies should be conducted to increase the understanding of this combined training method.

Effect of different interval training protocols on adiposity indicators in overweight-obese children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis / Efeito de diferentes protocolos de treinamento intervalado sobre indicadores de adiposidade em crianças e adolescentes com sobrepeso e obesidade: uma revisão sistemática e metanálise

ABSTRACT The present meta-analysis verified the impact of different protocols of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on indicators of adiposity in overweight and obese children and adolescents. Searches were performed in the databases: PubMed, ScienceDirect, SPORTDiscus, LILACS and SciELO. Were included studies without caloric restriction that aimed to verify the effect of HIIT interventions on the adiposity indicators in overweight children and adolescents published until December 2018. The PEDro scale was used to assess the risk of bias. The meta-analysis was conducted in the Revman software using standardized mean difference (SMD) data and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Seventeen studies were selected, which involved 289 children and adolescents with overweight and obesity. HIIT interventions (mean=11.7±5.9 weeks) produced significant decreases in body fat percentage (SMD=-0.65; CI=-1.07, -0.23) and waist circumference (SMD=-0.34; CI=-0.49, -0.18). Also, major relative risk of decrease in body fat percentage were observed in favour to protocols with work/recovery interval ratios of 1:1 and 2:1. HIIT protocols with ratios (work/recovery intervals) 1:1 and 2:1 promote significant reductions in fat percentage and waist circumference in overweight and obese children, independently of the total work time.

RESUMO A presente meta-análise verificou o impacto de diferentes protocolos de treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade (HIIT) sobre indicadores de adiposidade em crianças e adolescentes com sobrepeso e obesidade. As buscas foram realizadas nas bases de dados: PubMed, ScienceDirect, SPORTDiscus, LILACS e SciELO. Foram incluídos estudos sem restrição calórica, que objetivaram verificar o efeito das intervenções do HIIT nos indicadores de adiposidade em crianças e adolescentes acima do peso publicados até dezembro de 2018. A escala PEDro foi utilizada para avaliar o risco de viés. A meta-análise foi conduzida no software Revman a partir dos dados de diferença média padronizada (SMD) e intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC). Foram selecionados 17 estudos, envolvendo 289 crianças e adolescentes com sobrepeso e obesidade. As intervenções de HIIT (duração=11,7±5,9 semanas) produziram reduções significativas no percentual de gordura corporal (SMD=-0,65; IC=-1,07,-0,23) e circunferência da cintura (SMD=-0,34; IC=-0,49-0.18). Também foi observado um risco relativo maior de diminuição do percentual de gordura corporal a favor de protocolos com proporção de intervalos de trabalho/recuperação de 1:1 e 2:1. Protocolos HIIT com proporções 1:1 e 2:1 promovem reduções significativas no percentual de gordura e circunferência da cintura em crianças com sobrepeso e obesidade, independentemente do tempo total de trabalho.

Adrb2 gln27glu polymorphism associated with adiposity indicators and il-10 in adolescents / Polimorfismo adrb2 gln27glu associado a indicadores de adiposidade e il-10 em adolescentes / Polimorfismo adrb2 gln27glu asociado a indicadores de adiposidad e il-10 en adolescentes

ABSTRACT Introduction: Studies of association between obesity and genetic factors have demonstrated a significant contribution of polymorphisms related to body fat distribution and subclinical inflammatory process. Objective: To investigate the association between genotypes of the Gln27Glu polymorphism of the ADRB2 gene and indicators of adiposity, inflammatory markers, metabolic parameters and parameters of physical fitness in overweight adolescents. Methods: A total of 44 male and female adolescents, aged between 13 and 17 years, with positive clinical diagnosis of overweight, were divided into two groups according to the Gln27Glu polymorphism genotypes of the ADRB2 gene: a) Group of carriers of the 27Glu allele (Gln27Glu/Glu27Glu) (n = 22); b) Group of non-carriers of the 27Glu allele (Gln27Gln) (n = 22). Both groups were evaluated for body composition, sexual maturation, cardiorespiratory fitness variables and indicators of muscle strength. Basal glycemia and insulin, lipid profile and inflammatory profile were measured. Abdominal subcutaneous and visceral adiposities were evaluated by ultrasonography. Genotyping of the Gln27Glu polymorphism of the ADRB2 gene was performed by the Taqman allelic discrimination assay. Results: The genotype frequency found was: Gln/Gln (n = 22) (50.0%), Gln/Glu (n = 18) (41.0%) and Glu/Glu (n = 4) %). The frequency of the 27Glu allele was 29.5%. The group of adolescent carriers of the 27Glu allele of the ADRB2 gene presented higher mean adiposity indicators (abdominal circumference, trunk fat mass and visceral fat), as well as lower IL-10 concentrations when compared to non-carriers. Conclusions: The 27Glu allele was associated with adiposity indicators in overweight adolescents, while subcutaneous abdominal fat exhibited an inverse relationship with inflammatory variables and maximum oxygen uptake, which may result in more damage to health. Level of evidence III; Case-control study.

RESUMO Introdução: Estudos de associação entre a obesidade e fatores genéticos têm demonstrado a significativa contribuição de polimorfismos relacionados à distribuição de gordura corporal e processo inflamatório subclínico. Objetivo: Investigar a associação entre os genótipos do polimorfismo Gln27Glu do gene ADRB2 e indicadores de adiposidade, marcadores inflamatórios, parâmetros metabólicos e de aptidão física em adolescentes com excesso de peso. Métodos: Participaram 44 adolescentes, de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 13 e 17 anos, com diagnóstico clínico positivo de excesso de peso, divididos em dois grupos conforme os genótipos do polimorfismo Gln27Glu do gene ADRB2: a) Grupo de portadores do alelo 27Glu (Gln27Glu/Glu27Glu) (n=22); b) Grupo de não portadores do alelo 27Glu (Gln27Gln) (n=22). Ambos os grupos foram avaliados quanto à composição corporal, maturação sexual, variáveis de aptidão cardiorrespiratória e indicadores de força muscular. Foram dosados glicemia e insulina basais, perfil lipídico e perfil inflamatório. As adiposidades abdominais subcutânea e visceral foram avaliadas através de ultrassonografia. A genotipagem do polimorfismo Gln27Glu do gene ADRB2 foi realizada através do ensaio de discriminação alélica Taqman. Resultados: A frequência genotípica encontrada foi: Gln/Gln (n=22) (50,0%), Gln/Glu (n=18) (41,0%) e Glu/Glu (n=4) (9,0%). A frequência do alelo do 27Glu foi de 29,5%. O grupo de adolescentes portadores do alelo 27Glu do gene ADRB2 apresentou maiores médias de indicadores de adiposidade (circunferência abdominal, massa gorda troncular e gordura visceral), assim como menores concentrações de IL-10 quando comparados aos não portadores. Conclusões: O alelo 27Glu apresentou associação com os indicadores de adiposidade em adolescentes com excesso de peso, assim como a gordura abdominal subcutânea demonstrou relação inversa com as variáveis inflamatórias e o consumo máximo de oxigênio, podendo resultar em maiores prejuízos à saúde. Nível de evidência III; Estudo de caso-controle.

RESUMEN Introducción: Estudios de asociación entre la obesidad y factores genéticos han demostrado la significativa contribución de polimorfismos relacionados a la distribución de grasa corporal y proceso inflamatorio subclínico. Objetivo: Investigar la asociación entre los genotipos del polimorfismo Gln27Glu del gen ADRB2 e indicadores de adiposidad, marcadores inflamatorios, parámetros metabólicos y de aptitud física en adolescentes con exceso de peso. Métodos: Participaron 44 adolescentes, de ambos sexos, con edad entre 13 y 17 años, con diagnóstico clínico positivo de exceso de peso, divididos en dos grupos según los genotipos del polimorfismo Gln27Glu del gen ADRB2: a) Grupo de portadores del alelo 27Glu (Gln27Glu/Glu27Glu) (n = 22); b) Grupo de no portadores del alelo 27Glu (Gln27Gln) (n = 22). Ambos grupos fueron evaluados cuanto a la composición corporal, madurez sexual, variables de aptitud cardiorrespiratoria e indicadores de fuerza muscular. Fueron dosificadas glucemia e insulina basales, perfil lipídico y perfil inflamatorio. Las adiposidades abdominales subcutánea y visceral fueron evaluadas a través de ultrasonografía. El genotipado del polimorfismo Gln27Glu del gen ADRB2 fue realizado a través del ensayo de discriminación alélica Taqman. Resultados: La frecuencia genotípica encontrada fue: Gln/Gln (n = 22) (50,0%), Gln/Glu (n = 18) (41,0%) y Glu/Glu (n = 4) (9,0%). La frecuencia del alelo del 27Glu fue del 29,5%. El grupo de adolescentes portadores del alelo 27Glu del gen ADRB2 presentó mayores promedios de indicadores de adiposidad (circunferencia abdominal, masa grasa troncular y grasa visceral), así como menores concentraciones de IL-10, en comparación con los no portadores. Conclusiones: El alelo 27Glu presentó asociación con los indicadores de adiposidad en adolescentes con exceso de peso, así como la grasa abdominal subcutánea demostró relación inversa con las variables inflamatorias y el consumo máximo de oxígeno, lo que puede resultar en mayores perjuicios a la salud. Nivel de Evidencia III; Estudio de caso-control.

Predictive equations of maximum oxygen consumption by shuttle run test in children and adolescents: a systematic review / Equações preditivas do consumo máximo de oxigênio por meio do teste shuttle run em crianças e adolescentes: uma revisão sistemática

ABSTRACT Objective: To systematically review the literature as for the level of evidence of predictive equations of VO2peak through the 20-meter shuttle run test (20m-SRT) in children and adolescents. Data sources: Searches were conducted independently by two researchers, according to the procedures adopted by PRISMA, in the electronic databases MEDLINE via PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, LILACS and SciELO, for articles published until September 2017 in English and Portuguese. The inclusion criteria were: original studies, abstract available, using predictive equations of VO2peak through 20m-SRT, conducted with adolescents and/or children, non-athletes, and mentioning correlation analysis between predicted and measured VO2peak. The level of evidence of equations was based on the risk of bias of the studies using the following criteria: sample number, sample characteristics, and statistical analysis. Data synthesis: Eighteen studies were selected, in which fifteen equations were found and analyzed. The studies had been conducted with samples composed of subjects of both sexes, aged 8 to 19 years. Equations of Léger and Matsuzaka had their level of evidence classified as high, and estimation ranged between r=0.54-0.90 and r=0.65-0.90. Equations by Ruiz, Barnett and Matsuzaka had their level of evidence classified as moderate, and estimation ranged between r=0.75-0.96, r=0.66-0.84 and r=0.66-0.89, respectively. Conclusions: Matsuzaka's equation presented satisfactory parameters for estimates of VO2peak in children and adolescents. Although not explored in equations, body adiposity and pubertal stage are significantly associated with cardiorespiratory fitness in children and adolescents.

RESUMO Objetivo: Revisar sistematicamente na literatura o nível de evidência das equações preditivas do pico de consumo de oxigênio (VO2pico) por meio do teste de shuttle run de 20 metros (SR-20m) em crianças e adolescentes. Fonte de dados: As buscas foram conduzidas nas bases de dados eletrônicas Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE) via PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS) e Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), de agosto a setembro de 2017, nos idiomas inglês e português. Os critérios de inclusão utilizados foram: estudos originais, com resumo disponível, com equações para predição do VO2pico por meio do SR-20m, adolescentes e/ou crianças, não atletas e com análise correlacional do VO2pico predito e mensurado. O nível de evidência das equações foi caracterizado com base no risco de viés dos estudos, no qual se adotou os seguintes critérios: número da amostra, características da amostra e análise estatística. Síntese dos dados: Dezoito estudos foram selecionados, nos quais 12 equações foram encontradas e analisadas. Os estudos foram conduzidos com amostras de ambos os sexos com idades de oito a 19 anos. As equações de Léger e Matsuzaka foram classificadas com forte nível de evidência, com variação de amplitude de estimativa entre r=0,54-0,90 e r=0,65-0,90. Enquanto as equações Ruiz, Barnett e Matsuzaka foram consideradas de evidência moderada, com variação de amplitude de estimativa entre r=0,75-0,96, r=0,66-0,84 e r=0,66-0,89, respectivamente. Conclusões: A equação de Matsuzaka apresentou parâmetros satisfatórios para estimar o VO2pico em crianças e adolescentes. Embora não explorados em equações, a adiposidade corporal e o estágio puberal demonstram associações relevantes com a aptidão cardiorrespiratória em crianças e adolescentes.

PREDICTIVE EQUATIONS OF MAXIMUM OXYGEN CONSUMPTION BY SHUTTLE RUN TEST IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW.

OBJECTIVE: To systematically review the literature as for the level of evidence of predictive equations of VO2peak through the 20-meter shuttle run test (20m-SRT) in children and adolescents. DATA SOURCES: Searches were conducted independently by two researchers, according to the procedures adopted by PRISMA, in the electronic databases MEDLINE via PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, LILACS and SciELO, for articles published until September 2017 in English and Portuguese. The inclusion criteria were: original studies, abstract available, using predictive equations of VO2peak through 20m-SRT, conducted with adolescents and/or children, non-athletes, and mentioning correlation analysis between predicted and measured VO2peak. The level of evidence of equations was based on the risk of bias of the studies using the following criteria: sample number, sample characteristics, and statistical analysis. DATA SYNTHESIS: Eighteen studies were selected, in which fifteen equations were found and analyzed. The studies had been conducted with samples composed of subjects of both sexes, aged 8 to 19 years. Equations of Léger and Matsuzaka had their level of evidence classified as high, and estimation ranged between r=0.54-0.90 and r=0.65-0.90. Equations by Ruiz, Barnett and Matsuzaka had their level of evidence classified as moderate, and estimation ranged between r=0.75-0.96, r=0.66-0.84 and r=0.66-0.89, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Matsuzaka's equation presented satisfactory parameters for estimates of VO2peak in children and adolescents. Although not explored in equations, body adiposity and pubertal stage are significantly associated with cardiorespiratory fitness in children and adolescents.

Localized fat-free mass does not influence muscle strength in obese and non-obese boys / Massa livre de gordura localizada não influencia força muscular em rapazes obesos e não obesos / Masa libre de grasa localizada no influencia la fuerza muscular en jóvenes obesosy no obesos

INTRODUCTION: Obesity in adolescents has increased worldwide, and is generally associated with poor eating habits and physical inactivity. OBJECTIVE: To compare absolute and relative muscle strength with body mass (BM), fat-free mass (FFM) and localized FFM of upper and lower limbs among obese and non-obese adolescents. METHODS: BM, height and body mass index (BMI) were verified in 39 male adolescents (aged 13-17 years). Body composition was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and maximal strength of upper and lower limbs was estimated by a one-repetition maximum (1RM) test. Participants were divided into three groups: eutrophic (normal weight) (n=11), overweight (n=14), and obese (n=14). One-way ANOVA was used to compare the variables, followed by a Bonferroni post-hoc test for multiple comparisons. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used for relevant correlations and multiple linear regression to verify the influence of anthropometric variables, body composition and muscle strength of upper and lower limbs. RESULTS: Obese and overweight adolescents had absolute muscle strength values similar to those of the eutrophic adolescents, which were lower when corrected by BM (p<0.001). However, muscle strength related to FFM and localized FFM were similar between groups in both upper and lower limbs. Linear regression showed that BMI explained 59% of the variation in absolute muscle strength of the lower limbs (ß=0.59, p<0.05), FFM explained 84% of the variation in absolute muscle strength of the upper limbs (ß=0.84, p<0.01) and 68% of the lower limbs (ß=0.68; p<0.01), while localized FM was inversely associated in the lower limbs (ß=−0.53, p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Muscle strength of lower and upper limbs, when corrected by localized FFM, does not distinguish between overweight and normal weight adolescents, indicating that obesity does not have a negative effect on generation of muscle strength in obese boys. Level of Evidence III; Case-control study.

INTRODUÇÃO: A obesidade em adolescentes tem aumentado em todo o mundo, geralmente associada a hábitos alimentares inadequados e inatividade física. OBJETIVO: Comparar a força muscular absoluta e relativa com a massa corporal (MC), massa livre de gordura (MLG) e MLG localizada dos membros superiores e inferiores entre adolescentes obesos e não obesos. MÉTODOS: Em 39 adolescentes do sexo masculino (entre 13 e 17 anos) foram verificados MC, estatura e índice de massa corporal (IMC). A composição corporal foi medida por absorciometria de raios-x de dupla energia (DXA) e a força máxima de membros superiores e inferiores foi estimada por um teste de repetição máxima (1RM). Os participantes foram divididos em três grupos: eutrófico (n = 11), sobrepeso (n = 14) e obeso (n = 14). Utilizou-se o teste One-way ANOVA para comparar as variáveis, seguido de teste post hoc de Bonferroni para comparações múltiplas, para as correlações relevantes, usou-se o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson e a regressão linear múltipla foi usada para verificar a influência das variáveis antropométricas, composição corporal e a força muscular dos membros superiores e inferiores. RESULTADOS: Os adolescentes obesos e com sobrepeso tinham força muscular absoluta similar aos dos eutróficos, sendo menores quando corrigidas pela MC (p < 0,001). Porém, a força muscular relacionada com a MLG e a MLG localizada foi semelhante entre os grupos, tanto em membros superiores como inferiores. A regressão linear mostrou que o IMC explicou 59% da variação da força muscular absoluta dos membros inferiores (ß = 0,59, p < 0,05), a MLG explicou 84% da variação da força muscular absoluta dos membros superiores (ß = 0,84, p < 0,01) e 68% dos membros inferiores (ß = 0,68; p < 0,01), enquanto a massa gorda localizada foi inversamente associada nos membros inferiores (ß = −0,53; p < 0,05). CONCLUSÃO: A força muscular dos membros superiores e inferiores, quando corrigida pela MLG localizada, não diferencia adolescentes com sobrepeso e eutróficos, indicando que a obesidade não afeta negativamente a geração de força muscular em rapazes obesos. Nível de Evidência III; Estudo de caso-controle.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La obesidad en adolescentes ha aumentado en todo el mundo, generalmente asociada a malos hábitos alimenticios y falta de actividad física. OBJETIVO: Comparar fuerza muscular absoluta y relativa de la masa corporal (MC), MLG y MLG localizada en miembros inferiores y superiores entre adolescentes obesos y no obesos. MÉTODOS: Se verificó en 39 adolescentes hombres (entre 13 y 17 años) sus MC, estaturas e índices de masa corporal (IMC). La composición corporal fue mensurada por absorciometría de rayos-x de doble energía (DXA) y el test de repetición máxima para estimar la fuerza máxima de miembros superiores e inferiores, divididos en tres grupos: 11 eutróficos, 14 con sobrepeso y 14 obesos. Se usó ANOVA (one way) para comparación de variables, seguido de Post Hoc de Bonferroni para comparaciones múltiples, correlaciones por el coeficiente de correlación Pearson y Regresión Lineal Múltiple para la influencia de variables antropométricas, composición corporal y fuerza muscular de miembros inferiores y superiores. RESULTADOS: Obesos y con sobrepeso presentaron valores de fuerza muscular absoluta similares a los eutróficos, pero menor si se corrigen por MC (p<0,001). Sin embargo, la fuerza muscular relativa a MLG y MLG localizada fue semejante. En regresión lineal, el IMC explicó el 59% de variación de fuerza muscular absoluta en miembros inferiores (ß=0,59, p<0,05), MLG 84% de variación de fuerza muscular absoluta en miembros superiores (ß=0,84, p<0,01) y 68% en miembros inferiores (ß=0,68; p<0,01), mientras que la MG localizada fue inversamente asociada a los superiores (ß=−0,53; p<0,05). CONCLUSIÓN: La fuerza muscular de miembros superiores e inferiores, cuando es corregida por la MLG localizada, no se diferencia en adolescentes con sobrepeso y eutróficos, indicando que la obesidad no afecta negativamente la generación de fuerza muscular en jóvenes obesos. Nivel de Evidencia III; Estudio caso-control.

Trp64Arg polymorphism of the ADRB3 gene associated with maximal fat oxidation and LDL-C levels in non-obese adolescents / Polimorfismo Trp64Arg do gene ADRB3 associado à oxidação máxima de gorduras e à concentração de LDL-c em adolescentes não obesos

Abstract Objective: To analyze the association between the Trp64Arg polymorphism of the ADRB3 gene, maximal fat oxidation rates and the lipid profile levels in non-obese adolescents. Methods: 72 schoolchildren, of both genders, aged between 11 and 17 years, participated in the study. The anthropometric and body composition variables, in addition to total cholesterol, HDL-c, LDL-c, triglycerides, insulin, and basal glycemia, were evaluated. The sample was divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of the polymorphism: non-carriers of the Arg64 allele, i.e., homozygous (Trp64Trp: n = 54), and carriers of the Arg64 allele (Trp64Arg + Arg64Arg: n = 18), in which the frequency of the Arg64 allele was 15.2%. The maximal oxygen uptake and peak of oxygen uptake during exercise were obtained through the symptom-limited, submaximal treadmill test. Maximal fat oxidation was determined according to the ventilatory ratio proposed in Lusk's table. Results: Adolescents carrying the less frequent allele (Trp64Arg and Arg64Arg) had higher LDL-c levels (p = 0.031) and lower maximal fat oxidation rates (p = 0.038) when compared with non-carriers (Trp64Trp). Conclusions: Although the physiological processes related to lipolysis and lipid metabolism are complex, the presence of the Arg 64 allele was associated with lower rates of FATMAX during aerobic exercise, as well as with higher levels of LDL-c in adolescents.

Resumo Objetivo: Analisar a associação entre o polimorfismo Trp64Arg do gene ADRB3, as taxas de oxidação máxima de gorduras e as concentrações do perfil lipídico em adolescentes não obesos. Métodos: Participaram do estudo 72 escolares, de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 11 e 17 anos. Foram avaliadas as variáveis antropométricas e de composição corporal, além do colesterol total, lipoproteina de alta densidade, lipoproteina de baixa densidade, triglicerídeos; insulina e glicemia basal. A amostra foi dividida em dois grupos, segundo a presença ou não do polimorfismo: não portadores do alelo Arg64, ou seja, homozigotos (Trp64Trp: n = 54) e portadores do alelo Arg64 (Trp64Arg + Arg64Arg: n = 18), em que a frequência do alelo Arg64 foide 15,2%. O consumo máximo de oxigênio e pico de consumo máximo de oxigênio durante o exercício foram obtidos por meio do teste aeróbio submáximo de sintoma limitado em esteira. A oxidação máxima de gorduras foi determinada de acordo com a razão de trocas ventilatórias propostas na Tabela de Lusk. Resultados: Os adolescentes portadores do alelo menos frequente (Trp64Arg e Arg64Arg) apresentaram maiores concentrações de lipoproteina de baixa densidade (p = 0,031) e menores taxasde oxidação máxima de gorduras (p = 0,038) quando comparados aos não portadores (Trp64Trp). Conclusões: Embora os processos fisiológicos relacionados à lipólise e ao metabolismo de lipídeos sejam complexos, a presença do alelo Arg64 associou-se a menores taxas de FATMAX durante exercício aeróbio, bem como maiores níveis de lipoproteina de baixa densidade em adolescentes.

Trp64Arg polymorphism of the ADRB3 gene associated with maximal fat oxidation and LDL-C levels in non-obese adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the association between the Trp64Arg polymorphism of the ADRB3 gene, maximal fat oxidation rates and the lipid profile levels in non-obese adolescents. METHODS: 72 schoolchildren, of both genders, aged between 11 and 17 years, participated in the study. The anthropometric and body composition variables, in addition to total cholesterol, HDL-c, LDL-c, triglycerides, insulin, and basal glycemia, were evaluated. The sample was divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of the polymorphism: non-carriers of the Arg64 allele, i.e., homozygous (Trp64Trp: n=54), and carriers of the Arg64 allele (Trp64Arg+Arg64Arg: n=18), in which the frequency of the Arg64 allele was 15.2%. The maximal oxygen uptake and peak of oxygen uptake during exercise were obtained through the symptom-limited, submaximal treadmill test. Maximal fat oxidation was determined according to the ventilatory ratio proposed in Lusk's table. RESULTS: Adolescents carrying the less frequent allele (Trp64Arg and Arg64Arg) had higher LDL-c levels (p=0.031) and lower maximal fat oxidation rates (p=0.038) when compared with non-carriers (Trp64Trp). CONCLUSIONS: Although the physiological processes related to lipolysis and lipid metabolism are complex, the presence of the Arg 64 allele was associated with lower rates of FATMAX during aerobic exercise, as well as with higher levels of LDL-c in adolescents.

Is the combination of interval and resistance training more effective on physical fitness? A systematic review and Meta-analysis / Será a combinação dos treinamentos intervalado e resistido mais efetiva sobre a aptidão física em adultos? Uma revisão sistemática e meta-análise

Abstract Interval training (HIIT / SIT) combined with resistance training (RT) has been highlighted as a strategy for the improvement of health-related physical fitness markers (HRPF) in adults. Thus, the aim of this meta-analysis was to compare the efficacy of combined training (HIIT / SIT + RT) with other exercise protocols on HRPF markers in adults. A systematic search was performed in MEDLINE via PebMed, Cochrane-CENTRAL, SPORTDiscus, LILACS, SCIELO and Scopus databases between January and March 2017, using the following keywords in English and Portuguese: physical fitness, high-intensity interval training, sprint interval training, resistance training and adults. The quality of studies was evaluated using the PEDro scale. After applying both inclusion and exclusion criteria, nine articles were selected (n = 231). The extraction of means and standard deviations from studies was performed independently by two authors and the RevMan software was used to perform the meta-analysis. Combined training interventions lasted from 6 to 12 weeks and generated greater increase in maximal oxygen uptake than other forms of exercise. The combination of interval training and strength training may be considered more effective to improve aerobic capacity levels in adults.

Resumo O treinamento intervalado (HIIT/SIT) combinado com o treinamento de resistência (TR) tem se destacado como estratégia para a melhora de indicadores de aptidão física relacionados à saúde (AFRS) em adultos. Assim, o objetivo desta meta-análise foi comparar a efetividade do treinamento combinado (HIIT/SIT + TR) com outros protocolos de exercício sobre os indicadores de AFRS em adultos. Foi realizado a busca sistemática nas bases de dados eletrônicas MEDLINE via PubMed, Cochrane-CENTRAL, SPORTDiscus, LILACS, SCIELO e Scopus, entre janeiro e março de 2017, com a utilização dos seguintes descritores, em inglês e português: physical fitness, hight-intensity interval training, sprint interval training, resistance training e adults. A qualidade dos estudos foi avaliada por meio da escala PEDro. Após a aplicação dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão, nove artigos foram selecionados (n= 231). A extração das médias e desvios padrões dos estudos foi realizada de forma independente por dois autores e utilizou-se o programa RevMan na condução da meta-análise. As intervenções com treinamento combinado (HIIT/SIT + TR) tiveram duração de 6 a 12 semanas e produziram maiores aumentos de absorção máxima de oxigênio que outras formas de exercício. A combinação do treinamento intervalado e treinamento de força pode ser considerada mais eficaz para a melhora dos níveis de capacidade aeróbica em adultos.

ADRB2 Gln27Glu polymorphism influenced changes in leptin but not body composition or metabolic and other inflammatory parameters after twelve weeks of combined training in overweight adolescents

ABSTRACT Aim To compare the anthropometric, metabolic, and inflammatory parameters of overweight adolescents after 12-weeks of resistance and aerobic training (CT), taking into account the Gln27Glu polymorphism of the β2 adrenergic receptor (ADRB2) gene. Methods Forty-seven adolescents (15.05±1.07y) were assigned to one of four groups, according to the presence or absence of the Glu27 allele: CT (CarrierT n=11; NoncarrierT n=11) or control (CarrierC n=13; NoncarrierC n=12). Body composition, abdominal fat, maturation, fitness, metabolic and lipid profile, inflammatory markers were assessed. The CT consisted of six resistance exercises, followed by 30 min of walking/running at 50-80% VO2max, totaling 60 min/session, three times a week. A mixed-model factorial ANOVA was used to compare variables at baseline and after 12-weeks. Results TC was effective in reducing total fat mass (NoncarrierT ES=.45, CarrierT ES=.27) and subcutaneous abdominal fat (NoncarrierT ES=.48, CarrierT ES=.46) and increasing lean mass (NoncarrierT ES=.58, CarrierT ES=.60) and fitness. CarrierT group showed a reduction in leptin (ES=.49). Conclusion The responses of body composition and physical fitness to TC were not influenced by the presence of the Gln27Glu polymorphism. However, only the Glu27 allele carriers showed reductions in leptin after 12-weeks. Besides, a lack of intervention caused obesogenic effects, especially in Glu27carriers.